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|commander2= Saw Mutu Say Poe (since 2008) Saw Tamlabaw (2000–2008) Bo Mya (1976–2000) Saw Ba U Gyi (1949–1950) Bo Nat Khann Mway |strength1= 513,250〔International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (2010). ''The Military Balance 2010''. London: Routledge, pp. 420-421. ISBN 1-85743-557-5.〕 ---- 43,000 (1951)〔Richard, p. 88〕 |strength2= 6,000-7,000〔Burma center for Ethnic Studies, Jan. 2012, "Briefing Paper No. 1" http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/BCES-BP-01-ceasefires(en).pdf〕 * 4,000+ (1951)〔 1,500〔(Myanmar Peace Monitor: Stakeholders - DKBA-5 )〕 |casualties1= Unknown |casualties2= Unknown |casualties3= Over 200,000 civilians displaced }} The Karen conflict is an ongoing armed conflict in Myanmar (Burma) known as the 'longest civil war in the world'.〔Callahan M.P., ''Making Enemies. War and Statebuilding in Burma.'' Cornell University Press (Ithaca/London, 2013)〕 The Karen nationalist movement has been fighting for more autonomy and/or independence within Burma.〔South, A., "Burma’s Longest war. Anatomy of the Karen conflict." Transnational Institute and Burma Center Netherlands: Amsterdam, 2011, p. 6〕 The Karen people have been fighting for an independent Karen state since 1949, to Karen known as Kawthoolei. In the sixty-year-long conflict many different actors have participated. The two most influential actors were the Karen National Union ((ビルマ語:ကရင် အမျိုးသား အစည်းအရုံး); abbreviated KNU), a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) and the Burmese Tatmadaw. The conflict has mainly been fought in modern-day Karen state, which was established in 1952 by the Burmese government. Only a minority of the total Karen population live within the borders of this state. Hundreds of thousands of Karen and other ethnic groups have been killed in the conflict. The conflict has also caused many Karen to flee Burma to Thailand.〔South, Burma’s Longest war. p. 10 and Shirley L. Worland, "Displaced and misplaced or just displaced: Christian Displaced Karen Identity after Sixty Years of War in Burma" PhD. Philosophy at The University of Queensland, March 2010, p. 23〕 ==Karen people== The Karen people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. The Karen constitute a population of 5-7 million and around twenty different Karen dialects are recognised of which Sgaw and Pwo Karen are the two most widely spoken. Other groups of Karen are the Kayah, Bwe, Kayan, Bre, Pa-o and some other subgroups.〔Gravers, M., "The Karen Making of a Nation." in: Asian Forms of the Nation, Stein Tonnesson and Hans Antlöv, eds. Curzon Press: Richmond, Surrey, 1996. pp. 237 – 269, p. 241.〕 The Karen languages are part of the Tibeto-Burman languages which are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages.〔Jorgensen, Anders Baltzer, ''Foreword'' in: ''The Karen People of Burma. A study in Anthropology and Etnology'' H. I. Marshall Bangkok: White Lotus Press 1997. Original work from 1922. p. V - XI〕〔South, p.10〕 It is generally agreed that the Karen began to arrive in what is today known as Burma around 500 BC. The Karen are believed to come from what is known today as Mongolia and travelled south through three river valleys: the Mekong Valley, the Irrawaddy Valley and the Salween valley.〔Worland, "Displaced and misplaced or just displaced: Christian Displaced Karen Identity after Sixty Years of War in Burma" PhD. Philosophy at The University of Queensland, March 2010, p.8〕 The Karen traditionally have five oral legends which explains their ancestry. The word 'Karen' is derived from different Tai and Burmese names for a collective term referring to people in the forest and in the mountains. The term Karen was never used by the people who are referred to by the term today. It was not until the nineteenth century that Christian missionaries from America and British colonial officers labelled these people 'Karen'. The Karen are not an homogenous group.〔Hinton, P., "Do the Karen really exist?" in: J. McKinnon and W. Bhruksasri (eds.), ''Highlanders of Thailand'' (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1983), 155 - 168〕〔South, p. 2〕 Different groups of Karen did not share the same history within the kingdoms of pre-colonial Burma or the British colonial empire.Some Karen fulfilled functions as ministers in urbanised kingdoms like the Pegu kingdom in the sixteenth century. Other Karen developed a subsistence way of living in the forests bordering Thailand and some Karen still practice this way of life. Around 20% of the Karen are Christian whereas 75% is Buddhists. A small percentage of Karen is animist and in the lowland riverdelta the so-called 'black Karen', a small minority, is Muslim.〔Harriden, J., “Making a name for themselves: “Karen identity and the politization of ethnicity in Burma”, in: ''The Journal of Burma Studies'', vol. 7, 2002, pp. 84 – 144, p. 85, 92-95.〕 The Pwo speaking population constitutes around 80% of the total Karen population and they are mainly Buddhist.〔Thawnghmung, A. Maung, The Karen Revolution in Burma: Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends. Washington: East – West Center, 2008, p. 3.〕 The speakers of Pwo Karen live in the plains of central and lower Burma and were assimilated into the dominant Mon social system throughout history. These 'Mon-Karen' or ''Talaing Kayin'' had a special status and were an essential part of Mon court life. The ''Bama Kayin'' or Sgaw Karen were either absorbed into Burmese society or pushed towards the mountains bordering Thailand in the east and Southeast of Burma by the Burmese population. The Karen living in Burma’s eastern hills named the Dawna Range and the Tenasserim Hills bordering Thailand developed their own distinct society and history. The hill Karen communities developed a subsistence way of life.〔Christie, Clive J., “Anatomy of a Betrayal: The Karens of Burma.” In: I.B. Tauris (Eds.), A Modern History of Southeast Asia. Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism (pp. 54-80). London, England, 2000, p. 53.〕 Today about three million Karen live in the Irrawaddy river delta and they have developed an urbanised society based on the agriculture of rice. Karen communities are religiously, linguistically, culturally separated and geographyically dispersed. Some scholars have claimed ‘the’ Karen do not exist.〔Hinton, P., "Do the Karen really exist?" in: J. McKinnon and W. Bhruksasri (eds.), Highlanders of Thailand (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 155 – 168.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karen conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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